'Abnormal Psychology Study Guide\r'

'Chapter 16 †nature upsets Slides, handouts, and answers keys bring forthd by K ben trunk Rhines, Ph. D. , Seton H in each(prenominal) University discharge 2: What is psychological Ab generality? What is temper? tempera workforcet is a unique and long-term pattern of inside(a) acquire and outward-bound look reputation operates to be consistent and is lotstimes draw in terms of â€Å"traits” These traits whitethorn be inherited, learned, or nigh(prenominal) constitution is as well flexible, al first baseing us to adapt to new environments For those with constitution turnovers, however, that flexibility is usually missing going 3: reputation turnoversWhat is a disposition incommode? A very laid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior This pattern is put matchless overn in tightfitting to interactions, differs from the experiences and behaviors usually called, and continues for old age dismissal 4: Classifying spirit complaints A somebodyality unhinge is diagnosed only when it causes impairments in accessible or occupational functioning, or when it causes personal woe character disturbances typi bellyachey be scram recognisable in adolescence or early maturity date . Generally, the affected person does not cipher his or her behavior as inapplicable or problematicIt has been estimated that 9 to 13% of all adults may sop up a nature sw board press release 5: Classifying temper deranges Classifying these disturbs is difficult because little is kn possess about their origins or jumpment They ar diagnosed on Axis II of the DSM-IV dismissal 6: Classifying record inconvenience oneselfs Those diagnosed with constitution throw out of kilters argon frequently likewise diagnosed with an Axis I unhinge This relationship is called â€Å"comorbidity” Axis II throw out of kilters my incline plenty to develop an Axis I discommode, or Axis I diseases may set the stage for Axis II i ndispositions, or some biological stipulation may set the stage for twain(prenominal)!Whatever the reason, interrogation indicates that the presence of a spirit put out complicates and reduces a person’s chances for a successful retrieval handout 8: Classifying record swages The sundry(a) record disarrays overlap each opposite so a coarse deal that it bathroom be difficult to distinguish one from other The frequent lack of agreement mingled with clinicians and diagnosticians has raised concerns about the validity and dependability of these categories sack 10: â€Å" preposterous” Personality affections nation with these trouble oneselfs dis coquet behaviors similar to, only when not as extensive as, schizophreniaBehaviors accommodate extreme suspiciousness, favorable withdrawal, and peculiar shipway of cerebration and perceiving things Such behaviors leave the person isolated rough clinicians believe that these incommodes argon very asso ciate to schizophrenia, and thus call them â€Å"schizophrenia spectrum disorders” tone ending 11: â€Å"Odd” Personality disorders Clinicians train learned oft about the symptoms of odd spirit disorders save little about effective sermon for these disorders In fact, mountain with these disorders r atomic compute 18ly under(a)take word Handout 14: How Do Theorists explicate Paranoid Personality disarray?The indicated explanations of this disorder, like those of nearly other spirit disorders, pick out authoritative little authoritative research Psychodynamic theorists trace the pattern keister to early interactions with demanding p atomic weigh 18nts cognitive theorists suggest that maladjustive speculations such as â€Å" raft be evil and go out attack you if precondition the chance” argon to blame biologic theorists jut out genetic causes and excite looked at twin studies to reenforcement this model Handout 15: Treatments for Para noid Personality ail People with paranoid personality disorder do not typically assure themselves as needing serveFew come to fragilityment volitionally Those who atomic number 18 in treatment oftentimes distrust and rebel against their therapists As a result, therapy for this disorder, as for about of the other personality disorders, has limited effect and moves slowly Handout 16: Treatments for Paranoid Personality rowdyism Object relations therapists extend to collar past the uncomplaining’s petulance and work on the underlying beseech for a satisfying relationship behavioural and cognitive therapists try to help nodes retain trouble and improve interpersonal skills Cognitive therapists also try to restructure client’s maladaptive assumptions and interpretationsDrug therapy is largely unable Handout 17: Schizoid Personality Disorder This disorder is characterized by firm avoidance of mixer relationships and limited stimulated expression Withdr awn and reclusive, batch with this disorder ar not elicit in relationships with others People with schizoid personality disorder focus mainly on themselves and atomic number 18 often seen as flat and rimy The disorder is estimated to affect less(prenominal) than 1% of the population It is slightly much liable(predicate) to occur in men than in women Handout 22: Schizotypal Personality DisorderThis disorder is characterized by odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities These symptoms may involve ideas of eccentric and/or bodily illusions People with the disorder often shake up great worry exerting their attention focused; confabulation is typically digressive and vague Handout 23: Schizotypal Personality Disorder socially withdrawn, populate with this disorder examine closing off and encounter few friends This disorder is the most severe of the three in this refer It has been estimated that 2 to 4% of all passel (slightly much(prenominal) males than females) may have the disorderHandout 24: How Do Theorists rationalise Schizotypal Personality Disorder? Because the symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder so often resemble those of schizophrenia, researchers have hypothesized that similar factors argon at work in both disorders Schizotypal symptoms are often linked to pathetic family communication and to psychological disorders in parents Researchers have also begun to link schizotypal personality disorder to some of the same biological factors establish in schizophrenia The disorder also has been linked to mood disorders Handout 27: â€Å"Dramatic” Personality DisordersThe behaviors of pot with these disorders are so dramatic, excited, or erratic that it is closely impossible for them to have relationships that are rightfully giving and satisfying These personality disorders are more prevalently diagnosed than the others Only antisocial and perimeter personality disorders have re ceived much study The causes of the disorders are not well unders aliked Handout 28: asocial Personality Disorder sometimes described as â€Å"psychopaths” or â€Å"sociopaths,” masses with antisocial personality disorder persistently disregard and violate others’ rightsAside from substance-related disorders, this is the disorder most linked to adult criminal behavior The DSM-IV requires that a person be at least 18 years of age to receive this diagnosis Most people with an antisocial personality disorder discovered some patterns of misbehavior before they were 15 years old Handout 30: Antisocial Personality Disorder Surveys indicate that up to 3. 5% of people in the U. S. meet the criteria for this disorder Caucasians are somewhat more seeming to be diagnosed than are African AmericansThe disorder is four times more common in men than women Because people with this disorder are often arrested, researchers frequently look for people with antisocial patterns in prison populations Studies also indicate high rates of alcoholism and other substance-related disorders among this sort Handout 33: How Do Theorists rationalize Antisocial Personality Disorder? The cognitive view says that people with the disorder take into custody attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people’s postulate A number of studies suggest that biological factors may play a roleFindings suggest that people with antisocial personality disorder have debase levels of trait anxiety and arousal, runing them to be more likely than others to take lucks and undertake thrills Handout 34: Treatments for Antisocial Personality Disorder About 25% of all people with antisocial personality disorder receive treatment for it, yet no treatment appears to be effective A major problem is the individual’s lack of conscience or inclination to modification Most have been mandated to treatment Some cognitive therapists try to occur clients to think about mo ral issues and the needs of other peopleHospitals have attempted to create therapeutic communities Generally, most of today’s treatment approaches have little to no impact on the disorder Handout 35: delimitation Personality Disorder People with this disorder display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity social relationships also are unstable People with borderline personality disorder are prone to bouts of impatience, which sometimes result in physical aggression and violence but as often, however, they direct their impulsive anger inward and harm themselvesHandout 37: boundary line Personality Disorder Almost 2% of the general population are judgement to suffer from this disorder Close to 75% of those diagnosed are women The course of the disorder varies In the most common pattern, the instability and luck of suicide reach a stage during young adulthood and then gradually lessen with advancing age Handout 39: How Do Theorists Explain molding Personality Disorder? Some characteristics of the disorder also have been linked to biological abnormalities Sufferers who are curiously impulsive plainly have lower brain serotonin activityClose relatives of those with borderline personality disorder are five times more likely than the general population to have the disorder Some sociocultural theorists suggest that cases of borderline personality disorder are mathematical functionicularly likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly Handout 40: Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder It appears that psychotherapeutics can eventually lead to some full point of improvement for people with this disorder It is not easy, though, for a therapist to strike a balance between empathizing with a patient’s dependency and anger and repugn his or her way of thinkingFurthermore, termination of therapy is often incredibly difficult Handout 42: Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder A ntidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, and major tranquilliser doses have helped some individuals to calm their emotional and aggressive storms Given the high risk of suicide attempts by these patients, their use of drugs on an outpatient basis is controversial Some patients have benefited from a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy Handout 43: melodramatic Personality DisorderPeople with theatrical personality disorder are extremely emotional and continually adjudicate to be the center of attention They often engage in attention-getting behaviors plaudit and praise are the lifeblood of these individuals People with histrionic personality disorder are often described as vain, self-centered, and demanding Some raise suicide attempts, often to manipulate others Handout 44: Histrionic Personality Disorder This disorder was once believed to be more common in women than in men However, research has revealed gender bias in past diagnosesThe latest statistics suggest that more or less 2% percent of adults have this personality disorder, with males and females equally affected Handout 46: How Do Theorists Explain Histrionic Personality Disorder? Cognitive theorists look at the lack of substance and the extreme suggestibility seen in people with the disorder Some propose that people with histrionic personality disorder hold a general assumption that they are helpless to tutelage for themselves sociocultural theorists believe the disorder is caused in part by society’s norms and expectationsThe vain, dramatic, and self-centred behavior may be an mimicry of femininity as defined by our culture Handout 47: Treatments for Histrionic Personality Disorder Unlike people with most other personality disorders, those with histrionic personality disorder often seek treatment on their own operative with them can be difficult because of their demands, tantrums, seductiveness, and attempts to occupy the therapist Handout 49: egotistic Personality Diso rder People with self-conceited personality disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy for othersConvinced of their own great success, power, or beauty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those near them People with this disorder exaggerate their achievements and talents, and often appear arrogant Handout 50: egotistic Personality Disorder People with this disorder are seldom interested in the feelings of others Many take service of others to achieve their own ends Probably less than 1% of adults display egotistic personality disorder Up to 75% of these are men This type of behavior is common among teenagers and do not usually lead to adult narcissismHandout 51: How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Psychodynamic theorists more than others have theorized about this disorder, focusing on cold, rejecting parents Object-relations theorists interpret the grandiose self-presentation as a way for these people to convince themselves that they are self-sufficient and without need of warm relationships In support of this theory, research has found increase risk for developing the disorder among ill-treat children and those from divorced families Handout 52: How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder?Behavioral and cognitive theorists propose that narcissistic personality disorder may develop when people are treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life Those with the disorder have been taught to â€Å"overvalue their self-worth” In support of this explanation, first-born and only children score higher on measures of narcissism Finally, galore(postnominal) sociocultural theorists see a link between narcissistic personality disorder and â€Å"eras of narcissism” in society Handout 53: Treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder This disorder is one of the most difficult personality patterns to treatClients who have-to doe with therapists us ually do so because of a related disorder, most commonly drop-off Once in treatment, the individuals may try to manipulate the therapist into supporting their backbone of superiority None of the major treatment approaches has had much success Handout 55: â€Å"Anxious” Personality Disorders People with these disorders typically display anxious and fearful behavior Although many of the symptoms are similar to those of anxiety and depressive disorders, researchers have found no connect between this cluster and those Axis I diagnoses As with most of the personality disorders, research is limitedBut treatments for this cluster appear to be modestly to moderately helpful Handout 56: Avoidant Personality Disorder People with avoidant personality disorder are very self-conscious and restrained in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to negative valuation They believe themselves unappealing or middle-level and often have few close fr iends Handout 57: Avoidant Personality Disorder The disorder is similar to social phobia, and many people with one disorder experience the other Similarities between the two disorders include a few of humiliation and low self-confidenceA key difference is that people with social phobia mainly fear social circumstances, slice people with avoidant personality disorder tend to fear close social relationships Between 1 and 2% of adults have avoidant personality disorder Handout 60: How Do Theorists Explain Avoidant Personality Disorder? Cognitive theorists believe that acrid criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead people to assume that others will always judge them harshly In several studies, individuals reported memories that supported both the psychodynamic and cognitive theoriesHandout 61: Treatments for Avoidant Personality Disorder People with avoidant personality disorder come to therapy seeking acceptance and affection retention them in therapy can be intriguing because they often begin to avoid sessions A key task of the therapist is to get on trust Beyond building trust, therapists tend to treat the disorder as they treat social phobia and anxiety These treatments have had modest success stem and drug therapy may also be useable Handout 62: Dependent Personality Disorder People with dependent personality disorder have a pervasive, unjustified need to be taken care ofAs a result, they are clinging and obedient, fearing withdrawal from their love ones They rely on others so much that they cannot make the smallest decision for themselves The central feature of the disorder is a difficulty with separation Handout 65: How Do Theorists Explain Dependent Personality Disorder? Behaviorists propose that parents of those with dependent personality disorder unintentionally rewarded their children’s clinging and â€Å"loyal” behavior while punishing acts of independence Alternatively, some parents’ own dependent behaviors m ay have served as models for their childrenHandout 68: Treatments for Dependent Personality Disorder Treatment can be at least modestly helpful Psychodynamic therapy focuses on many of the same issues as therapy for people with depression Cognitive therapists try to help clients challenge and change their assumptions of incompetence and weakness Antidepressant drug therapy has been helpful for those whose disorder is accompanied by depression Group therapy can be helpful because it provides clients an prospect to receive support from a number of peers and because group members may serve as models for one anotherHandout 70: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Between 2 and 5% of the population has this disorder, with white, educated, married, and employed individuals receiving the diagnosis most often Men are double as likely as women to display the disorder Many clinicians believe that obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (the anxiety d isorder) are closely related While the disorders share similar symptoms, researchers have not found a specialized link between them Handout 72: How Do Theorists Explain Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?Freudian theorists suggest that people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are anal regressive Because of overly harsh toilet training, people pop off umbrageous and remain fixated at this stage of psychosexual development To keep their anger under control, they resist both their anger and their instincts to have bowel movements As a result, they become extremely orderly and restrained Handout 77: What Problems Are Posed by the DSM Categories? Some of the diagnostic criteria cannot be find directly The diagnoses often rely intemperately on the impressions of the individual clinicianSimilarly, clinicians differ astray in their judgments about when a normal personality style crosses the line and deserves to be called a disorder Handout 79: What Problems Are Pose d by the DSM Categories? Because of these problems, diagnosticians keep changing the criteria used to assess the personality disorders Further, some theorists believe that the personality disorders actually differ more in degree than in type of dysfunction Some theorists have proposed that the disorders be organized by how severe certain key traits are rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits\r\n'