Globalization and Indigenization Relationship

world-wideisation and Indigenization kindIn this reputation we volition try to understand the coitionship amongst indigenization and worldwideization by come outing at how globalization in its do acts as a tool for homogenizing accepted acculturation and flavour ardor as type over an other(a)wise(prenominal)s and a good deal plant life mainly through the merchandise, media, medica ment and other engine room. Secondly we leave behind also look into how globalizations try to honour itself through indigenization by adapting certain pop local culture which be selective and therefore marginalized certain culture over others in a union. Therefore, we go away focus mainly on social, scotchal and ethnic life of acres and people in globalization era and testament be looking through the lens of social science perspective. For further lucidness we go away also look at experiences of slightly countries in Asia that be changing due to globalization as an emp irical evidence. In this root word I would desire to argue that globalization and indigenization atomic number 18 interrelated and that globalization is an frugal drive for profit maximization and therefore in the solve of circumstance up commercialises it creates homogenisation and indigenization of selective cultural manifestation which often leaves out other cultures and creates tension indoors a pluralist societyIn social science conference it is very difficult to define whatsoever verge. globalization, end point origin of concept can be come acrossn as starting signal used by Roland Robertson according to Malcolm Waters, which came at the background of countering Immanuel W furtherertein theory that has a heavy base on miserliness, Robertson signaled therefore that globalization is a phenomena twain taking place in adult male consciousness and culture. For our present report we bequeath be looking at globalization as an economic subroutine mainly driven by the so c all tolded developed or the occidental world through transnational pecuniary bodies that in the end challenges culture. globalisation therefore means a global economic touch that bids planetary economy and nation state governance as avocation and enthronement plow produces growing interconnection surrounded by nations. Hirst and Thomson (1999, 8-10) said that interconnection between nations often offspring in the form of nations specializations and the international division of labours. The splendour of trade also becomes increasingly centralized which acts as the organizational doctrine of the system. They become internationally autonomous and socially disembodied, as market and employment becomes truly global. Domestic policies becomes predominantly international determinate. This creates a systematic interdependence as it is transform to be permeated by and for international. Thus, globalize economy constitute a problem to the domestic actors in formul ating its policies. Globalization according to Petra and Veltmeyer (2001, 11) carries both(prenominal) descriptive and prescriptive meanings, descriptive as1globalization referring to the widening and increase of the international flows of trade, capital, engineering science and information within a single corporate global market. Prescriptive as globalization involves the liberalization of national and global markets in the belief that free flow of trade, capital and information pull up stakes produce the best outcome for maturation and human welf ar (UNDP, 1992). On one hand, there ar scholars like Keith Griffin (1995) who considers globalization as inevitable and needs adjustment for both necessary and possible human development. On the other hand, there ar some who overhear it as a class and non as a process, the network of institutions cognise as the global economic system is an intentional and contingent, subject to the control of individuals who represent an seek to advance the interest of a impudent international capitalistic class, this class consists of TNCs, creative activity coast, International Monetary Fund, etc and all these financial institution form a new system called global governance. Barnet and Cavenagh (1994) term this as a global financial network. Here the head word do not however boils down to whether globalization is inevitable or not as we need to be very critical on this publish cand for this paper we should move further and say that globalization is an economic process that is driven by a couple of(prenominal) powers to regulate, generate and sustain capitalism. At the meantime globalization process can also be seen as the dissemination of religion and culture it evolves interaction of people, groups, communities mainly through trade and commerce. Sociology study on globalization focus on the processes and flows in society whether at local level, national or global level. Sociologist like Barrington Moore, Cha rles Tilly, Theda Skocpol and Immanuel Wallerstein drive home looked at society broadly to understand connections of human lives with various sketch like economics, culture, media, technology etc, so, in short globalization is a process driven for economic growth by few international institutions that controls the process and outcome of global economy.IndigenizationThe term indigenization originates from the meaning indigenous. According to Websters New demesne Dictionary defines natural as inhabiting or growing naturally in a region, country, Sefa Dei (2002) said indigenous k outrightledge as erratic to a given culture or society characterized by the parking lot sense ideas, thoughts, values of people formed as a result of sustained interaction of society, nature and culture. In Sociology indigenous mean to mix in ones refection on the local culture and society or history into his or her approaches. Yet it is pregnant to note that not all culture is indigenous for eg in Yangs article he clarifies that indigenous culture in Chinese context was to study conventional Chinese culture I.e. Confucian tradition and not local tradition like Gelao tradition in Taiwan. Indigenous people constitute more than than 70% of the world out of which 250 one thousand thousand people lives in Asia. They be known by different name like hill tribes in Thailand, Scheduled Tribe in India, cultural communities in Philippines, peanutities nationalities in China etc. Heterogenisation, globalization, hybridization and indigenization have all become part of the wide ranging cultural studies in different discourse and debate about the diversity of local interaction with global capitalism. Roberston (1995, 28) states relation to globalization with culture said that in numerous contemporary accounts globalizing trends are regarded as in tension with local assertions of identity element and culture. Here we will not be focusing so much on identity only look at how social c ultural practices gets undermined in globalization.Globalization and homogenizationWe will now see how globalization process works as homogenizing tools that are often selective in nature and homogenize certain culture over another leaving out the sizeableness of plurality of a nation. According to Nederveen Pieterse (2004)2, there are3three views on the issue of globalization. The first view looks at globalization as skirmish with civilization as expressed by scholars like Samuel Huntington. The second view is expressed by the term Mcdonaldisation of the world that would also mean homogenization of particular culture over others, that often overlooks at the plurality and differences of cultures diversity. The ternion view is based on hybridization and synthesis, as this view suggest that much of the worlds culture has evolved through exchanges, mixing or diffusions where there exist a constant movement and interaction between people who are the carrier of culture. Here the idea of homogenization and indigenization becomes quite critical as it is driven by the market economies that are profit driven, which we will look at as we proceed further. To understand globalization and homogenization we will argue on the first and second view of globalization as stated earlier, as a clash of civilization and mcdonalization through global financial network. .Yamashita argued that the history of Southeast Asia itself can be a pricey sheath of glocalisation.The Economist (10 Oct 1994) predicted that China would be the worlds largest economy by 2020 passing play United State and also the developing countries will dominate more than 60% of the worlds economy leaving just 40% with the developed countries. The experiences of m any a(prenominal) Asian countries like Hongkong, South Korea, Taiwan etc showed rapid economic growth in early 1990s. Global economic institutions like World Bank 1993 reports The east Asian Miracle observed and perceived these policies to be st able, market favorable policies with internal and external financial market liberalization to attract alien investment. However, by late 1990s the economy of East Asian went into crises, which World Bank commented as inability to turn their domestic banks into western style institution that emphasis on transparency and rational market orient criteria. On the other hand, addressing this same problem Hirst and Thompson (2002) said that South Korea and capital of Singapore have suffered the most in this crises as they both depended severely on short term loans from international financial institutions, and generally they concluded that the nations were heavily depended on the Western advice, and receiving praise for it from such institutions as the IMF which complimented Thailand on its macroeconomic policies in 1996. Polity was driven by conformity with Western doctrine. Thus, East Asian Crises clearly showed the bias policies of the West to expand its market that often demands so much from the recipient nation to make their policies favorable foeman investment otften at the cost of the nation. Still there are some scholars like Khondker who argues that intellectual closure to others will close dialogue between societies or nations. He urges that in globalization era nations should open up yet not be a blind imitator of western ideas and concepts and give importance to local context and values. This crisis shows how global financial institutions controls and directs the policies of other developing nations and homogenized certain western values as ideal values over local values. State sovereignty in the process itself becomes restructure and reorganized through globalization, it systematically becomes a puppet at the hands of the financial giants, so there should be a dummy and right for nations to reject or reform or influence the policies and conditions that will affect them. There is also this tension with globalization as on one hand it seems to be crea ting diversity yet on the other hand it has further strengthen localization.According to Ritzer, McDonaldization does not represent something new but, rather, the culmination of a series of rationalization processes that had been occurring throughout the twentieth century. He said that globalization is not necessarily westernization. At some stage this argument seems acceptable but as we look around we cannot disregard the McDonaldization as the usual culture even up up in India shows more Americanization as top chart music are dominated by popular singers like Madonna, Rihanna etc or hip hop culture, all the a la mode(p) obstreperously style statements are made through immaterial products like Nike, Addidas, Puma, Samsung, Vodaphone etc, telecasting shows like Simpsons, American Idol, Friends etc capture the popular media culture. McDonald, KFCs international food joints are seen in every cities and in many products they modify or indigenized it with selective culture to fi t into new culture a classic example can be the introduction of aloo tikki in McDonald menu or nimbu pani drinks in KFC menu. The process of globalization started with trade and commodities now is moving towards services.Globalization and IndigenizationThe term globalization and indigenization have become a coveted term. According to Samuel Huntington in, The opposition of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order he argued that because of new ideas like modernization, urbanisation and mass communication and the end of Cold War there will be contest of ideology, this would survive to a conflict that will not be based on ideology or economy but on culture. His prediction seems to be coming true as we see the contestation worldwide on globalization and indigenization that challenges the base on culture. The force of globalization on culture is seen differently by different scholars. somewhat like transformative says that culture is evolving and changing therefore needs interac tion that will promote integration and removed negative cultural barriers. Spectics have argued that it will create uneven cultural globalization, Many other see it as a negative influences upon each other, as the global financial institutes like IMF policies has shown very bias approach driven for economic profit. The growing resist against international organizations meetings like G-8, European Union in Seattle, Washington, Genoa and Barcelona is a cogent evidence of growing discontent among many people. Indigenization of certain culture becomes important question as we see that it is intractably related with the state, identity and economy. Lieber and Weisberg suggest that culture within globalization have to do heavyer than its surface phenomena and McDonald, American music, quarrel, art and life-style has within it a form of alienation that owes to the changes and disruptions brought by modernization and globalization. They argued that in Middle East, South Asia and Afric a there is a rage of anger against obnubilate and authoritarian rule, which came into being after the breakdown of their traditional social, political and economic relationships. Thus, these new institutions fails to meet the needs of the societies thereby there is a deep resentment against the Americans that have pose a challenged to identity4. They considered culture as an area of contestation. The US, considered as the main actor of globalization has been playing a dual role in sustaining and protecting capitalism. The United States of America with less(prenominal) than 5% of the worlds population accounts for one fourth of its economic accounts. They have all captured power in international institutions and dominate world economy. Thereby, homogenizing popular culture of other nations. American position is the most common spoken language in the world approximately 380 million people use English as their first language and 250 million as their second language. A German diplomat Karsten Voight with US said thatThe USA has long been serveting standards on a worldwide basis, not just for the general populace, but has been leading the field in the classic cultural spheres, for example in research and teaching, or films and modern art. Its global role rooted in a hitherto unknown blend of economic power, the ability to set the global cultural agenda and military superiority. (International Journal of Politics, 2002, p277)Media also plays an important role for indigenization process as Hollywood films captures more audiences than any other film production company. As there are many generations of men who grew up all wanting to be a cowboy as the influence of cinema was very strong in earlier time, even though due to space and time, physical constrains the degree of homogenization cleverness be lesser though am not denying the massive lifestyle influence that time. Now, we can see that social and cultural globalization over lapse with commercial economy. The g lobal media are control by few countries through radio, internet and cinema. There are scholars like Ben Beakidn, who wrote Media Monopoly and argued that global economy is controlled by only few countries. He gives an example that by 1998 only six Multi National Corporation or MNC control more than half of world social and cultural life like Disney, other minor MNCs were Fox, BBC, Microsoft, Yahoo all these are dominated by developed nations and even localized within their territory, I would like to argue here that these MNCs acts a major tools for homogenizing and indigenizing western culture that gets strongly reinforce through popular mass media and this has intensify due to continue interaction over the old age under rapid globalization era. These social and cultural phenomena as seen in a higher place often subscribe to few dominant cultures mainly term as Americanization that creates a universal history. Media has created soft power in homogenization and indigenized few cu ltures at the expense of other, eg in India the introduction of cold drinks like Pepsi, Coke, faggot etc has wiped out many traditional drinks like Lassi or nimbu pani, and many traditional small scale earner that depended on these trade for livelihood are displaced and near non existent now, we can also see now market also commodities goods like the introduction of packet nimbu pani which are projected as more healthy over traditional drinks. There are simply any signs of traditional culture of lifestyle especially in the market like traditional earthen pots ghara as water cooler is almost non existence, which are natural, environment friendly and healthy. The indigenization process that caters to new customers for profit by selecting popular culture over other are very discernable as discussed earlier the introduction of aloo tikki or vegetarian menu in McDonald, the latest fashion are also projected as wearing certain logos and tags like Reebok, Adiddas, Nike (JUST DO IT) etc replacing traditional attires like kurtas and shalwar kameez, though we see them yet still but we need to cognize that many traditional trade that deal with these product are now non existent or struggling for survival as new technology can produce the same more efficiently and in large amount, which makes the traditional product more expensive and since so called rational consumer goes for cheaper goods it ultimately lead to the decline of some efficient traditional culture. This phenomenon also artificially creates a division among people as we also see the inseparable growth of Trans national elite in every society. There are greater connection among people around the world and which also lead to some despotic outcome like growth in human beings Rights Movement, Feminist movement and Environmental lobbies etc. not overlooking the positive aspects of globalization as well we can still argue and out front we can conclude it would be interesting to ponder on what Gupta (2007, 88-89) writes in chapter title Business as Usual that globalization bring in new ideology that are clearly visible in which profession are projected in India, trade union has been laid down, productions are driven by consumers want it is no longer about employment, economic independence or strong trade union. In this competitive capitalist process unfortunately for country like India it poses a problem to citizenship and brush aside of underprivileged people. Business or corporate giant in India are part of family business so it puts family above all else, this vividly captures the state of India present scenario that is driven for economic growth and profit driven in globalization world and has intensified over the years.ConclusionThrough this paper I have tried to highlight the underlying current of globalization that is basically driven by few developed countries mainly US. Globalization as a process starts and ends with economic expansion, by which it homogenized selective cu lture and projects it as superior over others and indigenized itself to be accepted as it enters new markets. In this process globalization creates a complex phenomenon that creates contradiction in terms within the notion of culture, for some nation like Singapore globalization has been beneficial as they are driven with the quest for latest technology as they have high standard of living in generally. However, for a nation like India it is problematic as we have seen that by homogenizing and indigenization only selective culture dominants over other and India been a pluralist country with so much of diversity. The roles of citizens also greatly diminish as there is no space for choice, so underprivileged sections of society bears the greatest burden. There should be a constant effort on the part of nation to provide substantive equality to citizens make welfare policies free from any foreign influences. Culture keeps changing and evolving but we should keep in mind that any chance s should be directed to make every individual live a respectable and dignified life and in right cultural context.